Inventarisnummer
RV-1310-7
Edo designations
English designations
Commemorative Head
Categories
Altar & Shrine Objects
Heads
Location
1 Adesogbe (Plymouth) Road, P.M.B. 1115, Benin City , Edo State
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Commemorative Head
Commemorative Head

Iconographies

1 annotations
Ikharo
Forehead markings

Ikharo are linear keloid markings depicted on the forehead of Uhunmwu-Elao (commemorative heads) in groups of three or four above each eye. The exact meaning of Ikharo is debated; some have argued that they relate to the gender or tribal identification of the person on whom they are depicted. For example, has argued that they were worn only by men; however, their use in depictions is not consistent with this, and the Iy’Ọba are also shown wearing them. argued that they are instead a stylistic feature employed by artists that varied over time.

The naming of these markings differs between publications. For example, describe these markings as “agbaguda n'ehae”, which they write translates literally as “blades of the forehead”. However, later went on to call these “ikharo”, as used here. referred to these forehead markings as ikharo, meaning “tribal mark [of eye]”.

1 annotation
Ikharo

Provenance

5 events
Production
unknown to February 22, 1897 (day approximate)
The object was produced by Unknown member(s) of the Igun-Ẹrọnmwọn guild in Benin City.
Looted
February 22, 1897 (day approximate) to June 1899 (year approximate)
The object was looted by Unknown member of the British colonial military campaign on Benin - February 1897 from Benin Kingdom.
Unknown
1899 (approximate) to July 3, 1901
The object is known to have come into contact with Heinrich Umlauff and J. F. G. Umlauff, later in Hamburg.
Purchase
July 3, 1901
The object was purchased by the Nationaal Museum van Wereldculturen and Wereldmuseum from Heinrich Umlauff and J. F. G. Umlauff through Johannes Dietrich Eduard Schmeltz from Hamburg to Leiden.
Restitution
June 21, 2025
The object was restituted by the Nationaal Museum van Wereldculturen and Wereldmuseum to the Omo n'Oba n'Edo Uku Akpolokpolo, Ọba of Benin & National Commission for Museums and Monuments, Nigeria through Olugbile Holloway and Eppo Bruins from Netherlands to Nigeria.

Related archival documents

1 documents
See all
An archival document representing a Scans of published works of 529 page(s)
Scan of published worksMuseum Catalogue
Nationaal Museum van Wereldculturen and Wereldmuseum
Die Benin-Sammlung des Reichsmuseums für Volkenkünde in Leiden
Date
January 1, 1913

Institution data

Nationaal Museum van Wereldculturen and Wereldmuseum
The data was transferred directly by the institution.
Last updated: 2022-07-19
Language: dutch
Institution fieldValue
Inventarisnummer
object id
RV-1310-7
Objectnaam
designation
object type
Hoofd op vier poten
Titel
designation
object type
Hoofd op standaard met vier poten
Associatie/beschrijving (online getoond)
description
Het holle hoofd wordt ondersteund door vier sierlijke pootjes. Over de hele breedte van de vooruitstekende kin is de mond zichtbaar. De neus is opvallend breed en plat. In de grote uitpuilende ogen ziet men kleine pupillen. Wenkbrauwen worden aangegeven d
Materiaal en techniek (NB: ook thesaurustermen aanpassen!)
material
messing ; brons ?
Afmetingenlabel (H x B x D)
dimensions
19 x 10,5 x 11
Datering
date made
19e eeuw
Verzamelgeschiedenis (toelichting)
provenance
'The day book entry of 29 April 1901 acknowledges the arrival of 10 Benin objects (RV-1286-1 to -10) that were bought from J.F.G. Umlauff in Hamburg.[...] Later that year on 3 July 1901 Umlauff sold 7 objects (RV-1310-1 to -7) to the museum.' 'On 7 June 1901 Umlauff sent an offer of Benin artworks (RV-1310-1 to -7). The offer was accepted on 19 June and the objects were shipped on 4 July 1901 (CL-L: NL-LdnRMV-A1-277-1/282 [89]). Finally, ‘Bought from J.F.G. Umlauff in Hamburg. 7 Benin bronzes’ became part of the collection. The museum register lists the objects together with ‘old numbers’ which are likely to have been Umlauff’s own numbering system (MR-L: NL-LdnRMV-A3-048-15).' (See also in this record 'andere nummers'). 'As with the acquisition of the Webster collection, Schmeltz again needed to secure funds. He first accepted the objects as a loan before acquiring them officially. The annual report documents the acquired series in detail and includes the names of all the donors for the acquisition (AR-L 1900-1901: 15). The annual report of the following year confirms the earlier statement saying that ‘The collections from the Kingdom of Benin were expanded in the much-desired way, first of all through a gift, for which we owe thanks to an anonymous benefactor, for objects that were up till now on loan to the Museum.’ The objects range across the three Umlauff series (RV-1286, RV-1310, RV-1355).' (Excerpt based on Provenance no. 2 'The Benin Collections at the National Museum of World Cultures, written by Rosalie Hans with Annette Schmidt, 13-01-2021).
Cultuur (NB: ook thesaurusterm aanpassen!)
ethnic attribution
Bini
Deelcollectie
department and institution
Materiële cultuurcollectie
Verwervingsdatum
accession date
1901-07-01
Wijze van verwerving
accession method
Aankoop
Literatuur
bibliography
Publicaties over het object
bibliography
Bedaux, R.M.A., 'De geschiedenis van de Leidse Benin-verzameling'. In: Benin: vroege hofkunst uit Afrika, Duchateau, A. Leiden, 1990. p.159-169 Ben-Amos, P., 'Who is the man in the bowler hat? Emblems of identity in Benin royal art'. In: Baessler-Archiv, 1983. Band XXXI, p. 20, afb. 5c en 161-183 Marquart, J., 'Die Benin-Sammlung des Reichsmuseums für Völkerkunde in Leiden'. Veroffentlichungen des Reichsmuseums für Völkerkunde in Leiden. Serie II nr. 7. Leiden: Brill, 1913. For more information about the provenance, see <a href="https://issuu.com/tropenmuseum/docs/2021_provenance_2__benin__e-book" target="_blank"> Provenance #2 – the Benin collections at the National Museum of World Cultures </a> (NB: Issuu uses cookies).
Objectstatus
legal status
Eigendom
Met dank aan (online getoond)
Periode (NB: ook thesaurusterm aanpassen!)
Benin
Verkorte naam
AFRIK
Sensitive Content

Digital Benin collates digital material from institutions, and some of this material is inherently colonial and contains words, terms and phrases that are inaccurate, derogatory and harmful towards African and African diasporic communities. Catalogue transcriptions, book titles, exhibition titles and museum titles may contain harmful terms. We recognise the potential for the material to cause physical and mental distress as well as evoke strong emotions. Owing to the scale of the collection’s data, a process to implement sensitive-content warnings in the displayed data is still incomplete. The material within the catalogue does not represent Digital Benin’s views. Digital Benin maintains a strong anti-colonial, anti-racist position and affirms its support for centring the humanity of historically marginalised and disenfranchised communities. Read more about the background of this statement here