recordNumber
1322808
Institution
Field Museum
Edo designations
English designations
Bell
Categories
Altar & Shrine Objects
Musical Instruments
Location
1400 S Lake Shore Dr, Chicago, IL 60605, United States
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Bell
Bell
Bell
Bell
Bell

Iconographies

1 annotations
Uman-ague
Equal-armed cross

Uman-ague is a badge in the form of an equal-armed cross. The cross with straight-sided arms is known as the “Greek cross,” while the type with V-shaped arms, narrowing toward the centre, is known as the “Maltese cross.”

Uman-ague is usually worn around the neck by members of the Ewua or by the Ohensa ( ). The equal-armed cross has various meanings: as a symbol of cosmic order, it represents the number four and references the “four cardinal points established by the High God Osanobua when he created the world” (Girshick Ben-Amos 1999, p. 64), as well as the “crossroads or junction that serves as the point of connection between the natural and spiritual worlds” ( ). Paula Girshick Ben-Amos ( ) also argues that when used on the Aken'ni Elao (altar tusk), the cross, together with the Ivie okpagbaru (royal bead), constitutes an “emblematic reference” to Ọba Ẹsigie.

The cross also references the Portuguese missionaries who brought Christianity to the Kingdom during the reign of Ọba Ẹsigie, although the symbol was already in use before the arrival of Europeans ( ). The Maltese cross is thought to have been introduced by Ọba Eresonyẹn as part of his efforts to encourage the worship of the High God Osanobua during his reign ( ; ). Regardless, Uman-ague is often associated with Ọba Ẹsigie.

1 annotation
Uman-ague

Provenance

4 events
Production
1500 (year approximate) to February 22, 1897 (day approximate)
The object was produced by Unknown member(s) of the Igun-Ẹrọnmwọn guild in Benin City.
Looted
February 22, 1897 (day approximate) to June 1899 (year approximate)
The object was looted by Unknown member of the British colonial military campaign on Benin - February 1897 from Benin Kingdom.
Unknown
February 22, 1897 (day approximate) to 1905
The object is known to have come into contact with William Downing Webster, later in London.
Purchase
1905
The object was purchased by the Field Museum from William Downing Webster from London to Chicago.

Related archival documents

3 documents
See all
An archival document representing a Inventories of 404 page(s)
Inventory
Museum of New Zealand Te Papa Tongarewa
Stock books
Date
January 18, 1897 to March 26, 1900
An archival document representing a Sales Catalogs of 46 page(s)
Sales Catalogue
Wellcome Collection
Catalogue of ethnological specimens : European and Eastern arms & armour, Prehistoric and other curiosities / W.D. Webster, Oxford House, Bicester, Oxon., England.
Date
January 1, 1900 to December 31, 1900
An archival document representing a Sales Catalog of 31 page(s)
Sales Catalogue
Metropolitan Museum of Art
Thomas J. Watson Library sales and auction catalogues
Date
February 1, 1900 to February 28, 1900

Institution data

Field Museum
The data was transferred directly by the institution.
Last updated: 2022-01-21
Language: english
Institution fieldValue
catalogNumber
object id
91248
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object id
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object id
1322808
culturalArtefactDescription/1/Full_Description
description
bronze bell; with many small circular decorations and a face on one side; figured in Webster, Catalogue, Volume 4, p. 3. figure 10; Dimensions: H = 17.0 cm; 6 3/4"; W = 8.5 cm; 3 3/8"
culturalArtefactDescription/1/null
description
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metal; bronze
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bell
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object type
period
date made
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Idiophone
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locality
production place
Benin City
Accession info
prior source
[1018] W. D. Webster (Purchase)
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Edo
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1907
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Sensitive Content

Digital Benin collates digital material from institutions, and some of this material is inherently colonial and contains words, terms and phrases that are inaccurate, derogatory and harmful towards African and African diasporic communities. Catalogue transcriptions, book titles, exhibition titles and museum titles may contain harmful terms. We recognise the potential for the material to cause physical and mental distress as well as evoke strong emotions. Owing to the scale of the collection’s data, a process to implement sensitive-content warnings in the displayed data is still incomplete. The material within the catalogue does not represent Digital Benin’s views. Digital Benin maintains a strong anti-colonial, anti-racist position and affirms its support for centring the humanity of historically marginalised and disenfranchised communities. Read more about the background of this statement here